![]() The laryngopharynx is the final pharyngeal cavity and is located inferiorly to the oropharynx. Important structures within the oropharynx include the soft palate, tonsils, base of the tongue, and pharyngeal bands, which are nodules of lymphoid tissue. The oropharynx is posterior to the oral cavity, between the soft palate and the pharyngoepiglottic fold. It also includes the adenoids and tubal tonsils, which are lymphoid tissues that play an essential role in the immune system. ![]() It contains the opening of the Eustachian tubes that connect the pharynx to the middle ear. The nasopharynx is the most rostral portion of the pharynx and refers to the region between the base of the cranium and the soft palate. The pharynx is made up of three separate regions: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. The pharynx is located posteriorly to the nasal and oral cavities and functions as a cavity through which food and air pass to the esophagus and larynx, respectively. The laryngopharynx is also clinically relevant due to a disorder related to the retrograde flow of digestive stomach contents to the laryngopharynx, known as laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR). ![]() The pyriform sinus is the most frequent site of laryngopharyngeal cancer, with squamous cell carcinoma accounting for 95% of cases. The laryngopharynx is a clinically important anatomical location because of the high proportion of pharyngeal cancers that originate there. Although the laryngopharynx’s primary physiologic function is as a cavity through which air, water, and food pass from the oral cavity to their respective destinations, it also contains structures that play an important role in speech. Swallowing ensures proper transport of food and water posteriorly into the esophagus at the level of the laryngopharynx. The act of swallowing, or deglutination, is a complex multistep process performed by several essential structures in the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx. Specifically, it refers to the point at which the pharynx divides anteriorly into the larynx and posteriorly into the esophagus. Stylopharyngeus is the only muscle in the pharynx innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) and is done by its single motor branch, which supplies special visceral efferent (SVE) fibers to it.The laryngopharynx, also referred to as the hypopharynx, is the most caudal portion of the pharynx and is a crucial connection point through which food, water, and air pass. The glossopharyngeal nerve runs on the lateral side of this muscle, and crosses over it to reach the tongue. Some of its fibers are lost in the constrictor muscles while others, joining the palatopharyngeus muscle, are inserted into the posterior border of the thyroid cartilage. ![]() ![]() It arises from the medial side of the base of the temporal styloid process, passes downward along the side of the pharynx between the superior pharyngeal constrictor and the middle pharyngeal constrictor, and spreads out beneath the mucous membrane. The stylopharyngeus is a long, slender muscle, cylindrical above, flattened below. The stylopharyngeus is a muscle in the head that stretches between the temporal styloid process and the pharynx. ![]()
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